Partridge indicates that the use of the instrument by jongleurs led to its association with the verb: recorder the minstrel's action, a recorder the minstrel's tool. The name of the instrument is also uniquely English: in Middle French there is no equivalent noun sense of recorder referring to a musical instrument. Thus, the recorder cannot have been named after the sound of birds. The English verb record (from Middle French recorder, early 13th century) meant 'to learn by heart, to commit to memory, to go over in one's mind, to recite' but it was not used in English to refer to playing music until the 16th century, when it gained the meaning 'silently practicing a tune' or 'sing or render in song' (both almost exclusively referring to songbirds), long after the recorder had been named. The association between the various, seemingly disparate, meanings of recorder can be attributed to the role of the medieval jongleur in learning poems by heart and later reciting them, sometimes with musical accompaniment. The instrument name recorder derives from the Latin recordārī (to call to mind, remember, recollect), by way of Middle French recorder (before 1349 to remember, to learn by heart, repeat, relate, recite, play music) and its derivative MFr recordeur ( c. 1395 one who retells, a minstrel). ('Pan, god of Nature, with his pipes seven, / of recorders found first the melodies.') Etymology 1431–1438): Pan, god off Kynde, with his pipes seuene, / Off recorderis fond first the melodies. on these small recorders, on flutes.') and in Lydgate's Fall of Princes ( c. ('These little shepherds fluting all day long. The earliest references are in John Lydgate's Temple of Glas ( c. 1430): These lytylle herdegromys Floutyn al the longe day.In here smale recorderys, In floutys. īy the 15th century, the name had appeared in English literature.
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fistula nomine Recordour (one pipe called 'Recordour'). David Lasocki reports the earliest use of "recorder" in the household accounts of the Earl of Derby (later King Henry IV) in 1388, which register i. The instrument has been known by its modern English name at least since the 14th century.
#Tongue note recorder full#
There are many professional recorder players who demonstrate the full solo range of the instrument, and a large community of amateurs. Composers who have written for the recorder include Monteverdi, Lully, Purcell, Handel, Vivaldi, Telemann, Bach, Hindemith, and Berio. It was revived in the 20th century as part of the historically informed performance movement, and became a popular amateur and educational instrument. The recorder is first documented in Europe in the Middle Ages, and continued to enjoy wide popularity in the Renaissance and Baroque periods, but was little used in the Classical and Romantic periods.
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tapering towards the foot) to cylindrical, and all recorder fingering systems make extensive use of forked fingerings. The recorders' internal and external proportions vary, but the bore is generally reverse conical (i.e.
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Modern professional instruments are almost invariably of wood, often boxwood student and scholastic recorders are commonly of molded plastic. Recorders were traditionally constructed from wood or ivory. The sizes most commonly in use today are the soprano (also known as descant, lowest note C 5), alto (also known as treble, lowest note F 4), tenor (lowest note C 4), and bass (lowest note F 3). Recorders are made in various sizes with names and compasses roughly corresponding to various vocal ranges. It is the most prominent duct flute in the western classical tradition. A recorder can be distinguished from other duct flutes by the presence of a thumb-hole for the upper hand and seven finger-holes: three for the upper hand and four for the lower. The recorder is a family of woodwind musical instruments in the group known as internal duct flutes: flutes with a whistle mouthpiece, also known as fipple flutes.